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Eleven studies had a low risk of bias and 22 had a higher bias risk. A meta-analysis could not be conducted.įindings Of the 1081 unique records screened, 33 relevant studies were identified, all of them of experimental design and conducted in the US. The review followed the relevant sections of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses reporting guideline. Eligible studies examined clearly defined health outcomes as dependent variables following exposure to a CEW. Peer-reviewed publications of human studies were included, using original data and with a focus on the use of taser CEWs in the context of law enforcement. The identified studies were independently assessed in terms of scope, relevance, methodologic bias, and quality. Objective To synthesize and systematically evaluate the strength of published evidence for an association between exposure to different models of CEWs and adverse acute as well as chronic conditions.Įvidence Review Following a preregistered review protocol, the literature search strategy was based on a search of reviews published between January 1, 2000, and April 24, 2020, of PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, PsycINFO, and Cochrane Library, as well as relevant online databases and bibliographic sources, such as reference sections of recent publications. However, there is no clear picture of the possible health risks in humans on the basis of rigorously assessed scientific evidence from the international peer-reviewed literature. Importance Conducted electrical weapons (CEWs) are used broadly as a less-lethal force option for police officers. You are correct that a prospective controlled study cannot emulate what is happening in real life, and no one would be able to get ethical committee authorization to do so. The other factor that was associated with mortality was the excessive use of shocks by time and number, probably causing respiratory, then cardiac arrest. But, the mortalities occurred when it was used on people who were already not medically stable, and especially those intoxicated with illicit drugs. After examining hundreds of cases, the conclusion was that the TASER(R) was 'relatively' "safe" when used to "control" healthy people and by using the other safety use guidelines. Like ours, most of the major clinical trials were conducted before the year 2000. We examined all of the recipients of "CEW" seen at a major medical center from then on, and reported the results in a peer-reviewed medical journal. Why did you only go back to 2000? The TASER(R) was first used in a major law enforcement department in 1980, in Los Angeles, California, USA. I am not surprised that your study of controlled experimentation on CEW in humans was fraught with difficulty. I read your study on "conducted electrical weapons" with interest.